Pronouns - IAC
We will discuss about pronouns in Interlingua Classica.
Table of Pronouns
English | Subject | Prepositional | Accusative | Genitive | Vocative 1 | Vocative 2 ->
(I) | yo, ya | mo, ma | mom, mam | mio, mia | mu, me | myo, mya
(You) | tyo, tya | to, ta | tom, tam | tuo, tua | tu, te | toyo, taya
(He/she/it) | illo, illa, illeo, illea | illo, illa, illeo, illea, so, sa, seo, sea | lom, lam, leom, leam, som, sam, seom, seam | suo, sua, sueo, suea | illu, ille, illeu, illee | illyo, illya, illeyo, illeya
(We) | nuos, nuas | nos, nas | noms, nams | nostro, nostra | nus, nes | nyos, nyas
(You polite) | vuo, vua | vo, va | vom, vam | votro, votra | vu, ve | vyo, vya
(You all) | vuos, vuas | vos, vas | voms, vams | vostro, vostra | vus, ves | vyos, vyas
(They) | illos, illas, illeos, illeas | illos, illas, illeos, illeas, sos, sas, seos, seas | loro, lora, loreo, loreas | loms, lams, leoms, leams, soms, sams, seoms, seams | loro, lora, loreo, lorea | illus, illes, illeus, illees | illyos, illyas, illeyos, illeyas
(Self) | ipso, ipsa, ipseo, ipsea | ipso, ipsa, ipseo, ipsea | ipsom, ipsam, ipseom, ipseam | ipsuo, ipsua, ipseuo, ipseua | ipsu, ipse, ipseu, ipsee | ipsyo, ipsya, ipseyo, ipseya
Note:
You can use ipso, ipsa, ipseo, ipsea (itself, etc.) for all nonreflexive pronouns.
Illo/Illa are only for sexes of animate beings. Illeo/illea is for inanimate entities.
Illos (masculine plural) can be used for mixed male and female groups. This also applies to other pronouns.
Vocative 1 is amicable and feels closer. Vocative 2 is formal and feels more distant.
Relative Pronouns
Relative pronouns in Interlingua Classica are derived from qu- and qual.
who
quo, qua
whom
quom, quam
that
queo, quea
that (accusative)
queom, queam
which
qualeo, qualea
which (accusative)
qualeom, qualeam
whose
cuyo, cuya, cuyeo, cuyea
Polite You
Polite you is formed by using vuo/vua for singular you.
Example:
Tyo esse un amico mio. "You are a friend of mine." (amical)
Vuo esse un amico mio. "You are a friend of mine." (polite)
Vuos essen aliquos amicos mio. "You all are friends of mine." (plural)
Pronominal Genders
Genders in Interlingua Classica are based on both real and grammatical genders.
Example:
La femina, illa esse bella
"The woman, she is beautiful"
Lo homino, illo esse bello
"The man, he is handsome"
Lo libro, illeo esse bello
"The book, it is beautiful"
Unstressed 'il'
Unstressed 'il' is a form of helper pronoun that only serves to help fill the subject. The sentence is usually a simple statement about a situation.
Example:
Il niva.
"It snows."
Il face frigido.
"It is cold."
Il esse vero quæ los callos essen penosos.
(Quæ los callos essen penosos esse vero.)
"It is true that corns are painful."
"That corns are painful is true."
Indefinite Subject
We use on as an indefinite subject to mean 'one' or 'people in general'. We use uno for the other pronomial cases.
Example:
Quando on so promena in lo parco isto, los promenatoros alteros colliden frequenty con uno.
"When one takes a walk in this park, other walkers frequently bump into one."
Possessive Pronouns
We use possessive pronouns when we want to show who something belongs to. These are generally like in English.
Example:
Lo fratro mio et la sorora tuo celebran lam nuptiam loro.
"My brother and your sister celebrate their wedding."
Lo fratro mio et lo fratro tuo essen aliquos amicos bonos.
"My brother and your brother are good friends."
Lo fratro mio et lo tuo essen aliquos amicos bonos.
"My brother and yours are good friends."
Patro nostro, que esse ...
"Our Father, who art ..."
Ille labora nocta et dia pro los suo.
"He works night and day for his (people)."
Reflexive Pronouns
The most usual usage of reflexive pronouns is to denote reflexive actions.
Example:
Illa sam face indispensabila.
"She makes herself indispensable."
Yo mom vide como alteros mom viden.
"I see myself as others see me."
The other use is to express intransitive verbs:
Los libros isteos seoms venden ålo magazino de Bloomingdalo.
"These books sell/are sold at Bloomindale's shop."
Lo libro isteo seom vende multi ben.
"This book sells very well."
Talos cappellos seoms viden frequentys.
"Such hats are seen often."
Placement of Pronouns
Subjects are before the verbs except for questions and imperative. Object pronouns are generally between the subject and the verb. For questions and imperatives, we will discuss them at Verb - IAC. But, because we have grammatical cases, the placements of subject, predicate, and object are more free than in other languages.
Example:
Yo loms surprendeva.
Loms yo suprendava.
Suprendava yo loms.
Suprendava loms yo.
"I surprised them."
(with different emphasis)
Pro a-surprender-loms, yo debeva currer.
"In order to surprise them, I had to run."
Dirigento-sam verse lo oriento, illa precava.
"Turning toward the east, she prayed."
Yo collabora con illos.
"I collaborate with them."
Monstra-leom å illo.
"Show it to him."
For sequential verbs especially with auxiliary verbs, the object must be before or after the whole verbal sequence:
Yo ha surprendito-loms. / Yo loms-ha surprendito.
"I have surprised them."
Yo va surprender-loms. / Yo loms-va surprender.
"I will surprise them."
Sequential pronouns
Example:
Illoa lom dice å mo.
"She tells it to me."
Illa lom-ha dicita å mo. / Illa ha dicita-lom å mo.
"She has told it to me."
Pro a-dicer-lom å mo, illa debeva telephonar.
"To tell it to me, she had to telephone."
Illa sam-monstra å nes.
"She shows herself to us."
Accusative vs Dative
Accusative (direct object) and Dative (indirect object) have different forms and made clear by a preposition.
Example:
Yo inviava unam telegrammam ålo granpatro mio.
"I sent a wire to my grand-father."
Yo lom-inviava ålo granpatro mio.
"I sent it to my grandfather."
Yo inviava unam telegrammam å illo.
"I sent him a wire."
Yo lom-inviava å ille.
"I sent it to him."
Relative pronouns (qu' qual)
The relative pronouns are qu' and qual. The former is primarily a pronominal relative, the latter is an adjectival relative.
Example:
Lo traino ultimo quo pote portar-me ibi ad lo temporo parti in cinquas minutas.
"The last train that can get me there on time will leave in five minutes."
Ille fuma lom opiom, qualom vitiom ille ha acquirito durante la guerra.
"He smokes opium, which vice he acquired during the war."
L' qual form
Example:
Lo cavallo et lo asino lo qualo non esseva sellato currevan ad velocitata equala.
"The horse and the donkey which was not saddled ran at equal speed."
Lo cavallo et lo asino los qualos non essevan sellatos currevan ad velocitata equala.
"The horse and the donkey which were not saddled ran at equal speed."
The cases of relative pronouns
Los documentos lo quom lo spio portava con se essevan multi importantos.
"The documents which the spy carried with him were very important."
Los documentos con quos lo spio escappava essevan multi importantos.
"The documents with which the spy escaped were very important."
Los documentos de quos lo spio habeva aliquams copiams essevan multi importantos.
"The documents of which the spy had copies were very important."
Los documentos cujos importantia esseva dubitosa incriminavan lom spiom.
"The documents whose importance was dubious incriminated the spy."
Los documentos dos qualos lo spio habeva aliquams copiams essevan multi importantos.
"The documents of which the spy had copies were very important."
Los documentos, la importantia dos qualos esseva dubitosa incriminavan lom spiom.
"The documents whose importance was dubious incriminated the spy."
Lo spio que portava loms documentoms esseva habilo.
"The spy who carried the documents was skilful."
Lo spio quem lo agento de policia habeva vidito portava con se li plus importanti documentos.
"The spy whom the policeman had seen carried with him the most important documents."
Lo spio de que la policia habeva establita lam identitatam portava loms documentoms.
"The spy whose identity the police had established carried the documents."
Lo spio cuje identitatam la policia habeva establita portava loms documentoms.
"The spy whose identity the police had established carried the documents."
Demonstratives
Demonstratives are isto, ista, isteo, istea (this) and illo, illa, illeo, illea (that). The adjectival demonstrative are used after the nouns.
Example:
Lo homino isto et la femina illa
"This man and that woman"
Lo homino illo et la femina ista
"That man and this woman"
La tabula istea et lo libro illeo
"This table and that book"
La tabula illea et lo libro isteo
"That table and this book"
Pronominal demonstratives have -o/-a endings for masculine and feminine animate beings. And, -eo/-ea endings for inanimate objects. The plural form is made with an -s ending.
Istea esse una paisa libera.
"This is a free country."
Queo esse isteo? Queo esse illeo?
"What is this? What is that?"
Istas essen las filias mio.
"These are my daughters."
Istos essen los studentos mio.
"These are my students."
Yo esse uno de illos quo crede quæ lo matrimonio esse sancto.
"I (male) am one of those (males) who believe that matrimony is sacred."
Ya esse una de illas qua crede quæ lo matrimonio esse sancto.
"I (female) am one of those (females) who believe that matrimony is sacred."
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