Verbs IAC

We will learn about verbs in Interlingua Classica.

Tenses:

Past: present + va

Perfect: present + ve

Future: present + ra

Conditional: present + rea

Infinitivo: present + r

Participio Passato: present + to/ta

Gerundio: present + -ndo/-nda

Participio Presento: present + -nto/-nta

Plural:
verb + n

Subjunctive:
verb + el

Passive voice:
es/son + participio passato

Aspects:
Perfect: ha + participio passato
Future: va + infinitivo
Continuous: es/son + gerundio
Conditional: velle + infinitivo

Interlingua Classica Conjugation Table

Adjectival participles can have feminine form (with -a) and agree with the gender of the nouns.

The imperative can also be formed by placing the vocative pronoun before the verb instead of the nominative pronoun after the verb. This is more amical.

TEMPO	AR	ER	IR
Infinitivo	parlar haber parlato haber de parlar	vider haber videto haber de vider	audir haber audito haber de audir
Gerundio	parlando habendo parlato habendo de parlar	videndo habendo videto habendo de vider	audiendo habendo audito habendo de audir
Participio Presento	parlanto	vidento	audiento
Participio Passato	parlato habeto parlato habeto de parlar	videto habeto vidito habeto de vider	audito habeto audito habeto de audir
Imperativo	Singular: parlae tyo/tya Plural: parlaen vuos/vuas	Singular: videe tyo/tya Plural: videen vuos/vuas	Singular: audie tyo/tya Plural: audien vuos/vuas
Presento	Singular: parla Plural: parlan	Singular: vide Plural: viden	Singular: audi Plural: audin
Preterito Imperfecto	Singular: parlava Plural: parlavan	Singular: videva Plural: videvan	Singular: audiva Pluran: audivan
Preterito Perfecto	Singular: parlave Plural: parlaven	Singular: videve Plural: videven	Singular: audive Pluran: audiven
Futuro	Singular: parlara Plural: parlaran	Singular: videra videran	Singular: audira audiran
Conditional	Singular: parlarea Plural: parlarean	Singular: viderea viderean	Singular: audirea audirean
Presento Perfecto	Singular: ha parlato Plural: han parlato	Singular: ha videto han videto	Singular: ha audito han audito
Preterito Plusquam-Perfecto	Singular: hava parlato Plural: havan parlato	Singular: hava videto havan videto	Singular: hava audito havan audito
Preterito Anterior	Singular: have parlato Plural: haven parlato	Singular: have videto haven videto	Singular: have audito haven audito
Futuro Perfecto	Singular: hara parlato Plural: haran parlato	Singular: hara videto haran videto	Singular: hara audito haran audito
Conditional Perfecto	Singular: harea parlato Plural: harean parlato	Singular: harea videto harean videto	Singular: harea audito harean audito
Preterito Imperfecto Subjunct.	Singular: parlavael Plural: parlavanel	Singular: videvael Plural: videvanel	Singular: audivael Pluran: audivanel
Futuro Subjunct.	Singular: parlarael Plural: parlaranel	Singular: viderael Plural: videranel	Singular: audirael Plural: audiranel
Presento Perfecto Subjunct.	Singular: hael parlato Plural: hanel parlato	Singular: hael videto Plural: hanel videto	Singular: hael audito Plural: hanel audito
Preterito Plusquam-perfecto Subjunct.	Singular: havael parlato Plural: havanel parlato	Singular: havael videto Plural: havanel videto	Singular: havael audito Plural: havanel audito
Futuro Perfecto Subjunct.	Singular: harael parlato Plural: haranel parlato	Singular: harael videto Plural: haranel videto	Singular: harael audito Plural: haranel audito

Note:

1)) Preterito imperfecto is an action taking place in the past. Preterito imperfecto is the simple past (-va). 

2) Preterito perfecto is an action that was completed in the past. Preterito perfecto is the completed past (-ve).

3) Presento perfecto is an action that was completed in the past from the perspective of the present. Presento perfecto is an aspect of the present (the completed aspect in the present), Present Perfect.

4) Preterito plusquam perfecto is an action that was completed in the past from the perspective of the past. Preterito plusquam perfecto is an aspect of the past (the completed aspect in the past), Past Perfect.

5) Preterito anterior is more in the past than preterito plusquam perfecto. Preterito anterior is an aspect of the completed past (the completed aspect in the completed past).

Infinitives

Gerundial Nouns

Gerundial nouns or nominal infinitives are infinitives that function as nouns that signify activities. This is equivalent of English gerundial noun in functions.

Example:

Lo venir do estato

'The coming of summer'

Pensar esse existir.

'To think is to exist.'

Lo susurrar do motoro

'The droning of the motor'

Isteo viagiar ab un paiso ad altero esse fatiganto.

'This traveling from one country to another is fatiguing'

Lo ir et venir dos clientos

'The coming and going of customers'

Los faceros das formicas essen interessantos a observar.

'To watch the doings of ants is interesting.'

Prepositional + gerundial noun form like in English such as by, without, for, of, before + sewing is also done with nominal infinitive:

Illos lom-condemnavan sin audir lam defensam suo.

'They condemned him without listening to his defense'

Per rumper lom ossom, on potera forsan rectificar lam gambam suo.

'By breaking the bone one may perhaps be able to straighten his leg'

Post haber passato loms suburbioms, on pote avantiar plus rapidy.

'After having passed the suburbs one can get ahead faster'

Yo vole ben humiliar-mom ante illo usque corriger lam grammaticam suo, sed non usque pagar lams debitams suo.

'I am willing to humiliate myself before him to (the point of) correcting his grammar but not to (the point of) paying his debts'

La sala a attender deberea esser equipata de una machina a scriber.

'The waiting room ought to be equipped with a typewriter'

Comenciae loms studioms tuo per arder omnoms libroms.

'Begin your studies by burning all books'

Illa esse capabila de perder lom trenom.

'She is capable of missing the train'

Nuos pensan ir ad lo theatro.

'We are thinking of going to the theater'

Note:

1) There are times when English 'of + gerundive noun' is done without using De. So exceptions do exist.

A + Infinitive Form

The preposition a is used when the infinitive seems to represent a goal either after an adjective or a verbal construction.

Nuos aspiran a realisar loms idealoms nostro.

'We strive to realize our ideals'

La porta istea non esse facila a aperir.

'This door is not easy to open'

After lassar (to let to) and facer (to make someone to):

Illos facevan lom canom venir.

(Illos faceva que lo cano veni.)

'They made (had) the dog come'

Illa mom-faceva vender lom canom.

(Illa faceva que yo vendeva lom canom.)

'She made me sell the dog'

Illa faceva vender lom canom.

(Illa vendeva lom canom).

'She made (had) the dog sold'

Pro + Infinitive Form

Pro + infinitive form is used for showing the purpose or the merit of something (in order to). The nuance is necessity or need for the first verb so that the second verb can happen or be caused to happen.

Example:

lllo venira pro reparar lam fenestram.

'He came (in order) to repair the window'

Yo mangia pro viver, sed quande nuos haben globoms de patata, yo vive pro mangiar. 

'I eat (in order) to live but when we have potato dumplings I live to eat'

Bare Infinitive Form

When you have an adjective + an action you need to use bare infinitive (gerundial noun) for the action. In English we often use 'to + infinitive' but sometimes we also use gerundial noun.

Example:

Il esse difficilo vader en la arena.

'it is difficult to walk/walking in the sand'

Or the reversed:

Vader en la arena esse difficilo.

'To walk/walking in the sand is difficult'

When we use transitive verb + to infinitive/action, we use this form as well:

Yo plana vader ad la campana.

'I plan to go to the countryside'

or

'I plan a trip (the action) to the countryside'

After to be clause:

Il esse facilo rider con los ridentos et difficilo plorar con los plorantos.

'It is easy to laugh with the laughing and hard to weep with the weeping'

Il esse un privilegio grando esser inter vuos lo vespero isteo.

'It is a great privilege to be with you tonight'

Notes:

Some verbs like intender (to intend), sperar (to hope to), timer (to be afraid of) have already had this implicit 'to' that only needs bare infinitive like the examples above. So, you can also remember them when you learn vocabulary.

After auxiliary verbs like voler (have the will to), poter (be able to), deber (have to), and soler (used to):

Yo volerea dormir sed illa debe dansar.

'I would (want to) sleep but she must dance'

Illa crede que illa pote cantar.

'She thinks that she can sing'

Que Form

After sensative verbs like vider (to see), audir (to hear), etc. we can use que and a verbal infinitive form:

Yo videva que los infantos capturar lam avam.

(Yo videva loms infantoms capturar lam avam).

'I saw the children catch the bird'

Yo videva que illos leom-capturar.

(Yo videva illoms capturar-leom.)

'I saw them catch it'

or

Yo videva que illeo ser capturato.

(Yo videva illeom ser capturato.)

'I saw it being caught

De + Infinitive form

After a simple adjective:

Yo esse felicio de revider-voms.

'I am happy to see you again'

After a noun:

La necessitata de ganiar plus esse clara.

'The need to earn more is clear'

After a certain verb especially se-verbs:

Illo som-effortia de mitter lom motorom in motion.

'He tries hard to start the motor'

Note:

The verbs that need de like 'som effortia' can be learned through vocabulary (memorization).

 Accusative Que Form

When in English you use Accusative + to Verb form, you will use Que + Nominative + Subjunctive in Interlingua Classica.

Example:

Yo vole que illo veniel.

'I want him to come'

or 'I want that he come'

Imperative and Prohibition

Imperative with Subject uses Verb + Subject + Phrase form:

Aperie tyo / vuos lam portam!

'Open you / you all the door!'

Mangiae nuos nunc!

'Let's eat now!'

Imperative without Subject uses Bare infinitive + Phrase form:

Reguardae hic!

'Look here!'

Scribee-leom!

'write it!'

Prohibition uses Non + Bare infinitive (gerund) + Phrase:

Non fumar!

'Don't smoke!, No smoking!'

Non sputar super lo solo!

'Don't spit on the floor!'

Question words + Bare Infinitive

This form is used in a statement sentence (non-interrogative) after a question word like queo (what), ubi (where), qual (what/which one), etc.

Yo non sape queom facer.

'I do not know what to do'

Il esse difficilo decider-som ubi vader.

'It is difficult to decide where to go'

Queom mangiar nuos nunc?

'What are we to eat now?'

Nuos non sapevan qualom piscom prender primy.

'We did not know what fish to catch first'

Subjunctival Construction

For the verbs, we use Que as the contraction of (I wish THAT...) to imply this meaning. Que + Subject + Subjunctive

For example:

Que illo veniel! 

'May he come!' 

or 'Let him come!'

Que nuos partiel!

'May we go!'

Or 'Let's go!'

(this form imply desire or wish more than simply "Partie nuos!")

Yo ama lilioms de valla, essel en lo campo, essel en un vaso.

'I love lilies of the valley, be it in the open, be it in a vase'

Los juvenos maritos essel felicios!

'(May) The young couple be happy!'

Essel gentilo et facee a mo lom favorom illeom.

'Be nice and do me that favor'

Question Form

The simplest Question form is to use Esque before the sentence.

Esque vuos desiran alquams salsiciams con aut sin allio?

'Do you want sausages with or without garlic?'

Esque lo rego svedo transversava lam Maram Balticam aut non?

'Did the Swedish king cross the Baltic or didn't he?'

When you use Question Words, you do not need to reverse the Verb and Subject in a sentence:

Quo esse lo homino illo con la barba rubia?

'Who is that man with the red beard?'

Queo batte ad fenestra mio?

'What knocks at my window?'

Queom ha tyo facito con moneta tuo?

'What have you done with your money?'

Quande arriva lo treno?

'When does the train come in?'

Ubi essse la medietata meliora tuo?

'Where is your better half?'

Sequential Tenses (Reported Speech)

We have to use the same tenses in the same sentence. Be it in the non-past (sequential) or past (reported speech) just like in English.

Illo diceva que illo esseva fatigato.

'He said that he was tired'

(Reported speech with Que)

Yo non crede que un decimetro de lana pesa tante come un decimetro de ferro.

- Nemo diceva que tyo debeva creder tal nonsenso.

'I do not believe that a decimeter of wool weighs as much as a decimeter of iron.'

(Sequential present with Que)

- Nobody said that you need to (had to) believe such nonsense.'

(Reported speech with Que)

Conditional with Subjunctive

Si yo essel un rego, yo esserea felicio.

(present subjunctive + contitional)

'If I were a king, I would be happy'

Future consequences

(future subjuncive + future indicative)

Quande tyo esserael grando, tyo comprendera.

'When you are older, you will understand.