Adverb - IALA

 We will discuss about adverbs in authoritative Interlingua.

Non Derivational Adverbs

They are the adverbs that are not made by using affixes or modifying the adjectives or other vocabulary. They are also called Primary Adverbs. They generally only consist of words that must be learned.

Examples:

nunc 'now,' 

minus 'less,' 

plus  'more,' 

hic 'here,' 

ibi 'there,' 

aliquanto 'somewhat,' 

semper 'always,' 

Other forms of irregularity that we need to learn:

bon 'good': ben  'well'

melior 'better' (adj.) : melio 'better' (adv.)

pejor  'worse' (adj.) : pejo 'worse' (adv.)

mal 'bad': mal 'badly'

Derivational Adverbs

Derivational Adverbs are the adverbs derived normally frok adjectives. We use adjectives + -mente to make the adverbs. We use -amente for adjectives with -C ending. All almost all adverbs have this form (-mente) as their alternatives. So this is the basic form of the adverbs.

Example:

natural: naturalmente

'natural: naturally'

evidente: evidentemente

'evident: evidently'

remarcabile: remarcabilemente

'remarkable: remarkably

photographic: photographicamente

'photographic: photographically'

Non -mente adverbs with their -mente counterparts:

ben or bonmente 'well'

melio or plus ben or plus bonmente 'better'

primo or primemente 'firstly'

Adverbial Clipping

We can clip several adverbs from their -mente affix by giving dash (-) after all the adjectives until the last adverb. But this is rarely done.

Example:

Clar e franc: clar- e francamente

(clearly and frankly)

Voluntari e clar e franc: voluntari- e clar- e francamente

(voluntarily, clearly, and frankly)

Identical Adverbs

They are adverbs that have the same form with their adjectives. These adverbs need to be learned.

Example:

bastante 'enough' (adj.): bastante 'enough, sufficiently'

forte 'strong': forte 'strongly, hard'

longe 'long': longe 'far (away)'

tarde 'slow, tardy': tarde 'late' (adv.)

O ending adverbs

They are adverbs with -O ending and usually have their adjective counterparts with -E ending. These adverbs need to be learned.

Example:

certe 'certain': certo 'certainly'

expresse 'express': expresso 'purposely'

juste 'just' (adj.): justo 'just, justly'

mesme 'same': mesmo 'likewise'

multe 'much, many': multo 'very, much'

preste 'agile, ready': presto 'quickly'

quante 'how much, how many': quanto 'as far as'

subite 'sudden': subito 'suddenly'

tante 'so much, so many': tanto 'so, so much'

tote 'all, every': toto 'all, entirely'

belissime 'most beautiful': belissimo 'most beaitifully'

Numeral adverbs from ordinal numbers are also formed like this:

Prime 'first': primo 'firstly'

Secunde 'second': secundo 'secondly'

Tertie 'third': tertio 'thirdly'

Adverbial Phases

They are phrases that work as adverbs. You can call them Phrasal adverbs as well especially when they are more fixed and placed in dictionary instead of random phrases. Adverbial phrases with clausal length usually will be followed by a comma and sometimes started with Quando (when).

Example:

in summa 'in short'

de nove 'again'

de tempore in tempore 'from time to time'

Comparatives

Adverbs use comparatives exactly as the adjevtives. We add plus (more) and le plus (the most) for positive comparison. And we add (minus) or le minus (the least) for negative comparison.

Interessantemente -> plus interessantement -> le plus interessantemente

(interestingly, more interestingly, most interestingly)

Francamente <- minus francamente <- le minus francamente

(frankly, less frankly, least frankly)

Absolute Comparatives

We use adjective + -issimemente for this form. It is the adverbial counterpart of the adjective one.

Example:

Bellissimente 'most beautifully'

Interessantissimemente 'most interestingly'

The Placement of Adverbs

The placement of adverbs coincides in principle with English usage in general. The adverb normally precedes what it modifies. It is set off by initial or final position in the sentence or by commas when it is to modify the statement as a whole (adverbial phrase).

Example:

Ille es extrememente felice

'He is extremely happy'

Quando le tempesta arrivava, illes esseva felicemente reunite circa le foco

'When the storm arrived, they were happily assembled about the fire'

Felicemente illes esseva al domo quando le tempesta arrivava

'Luckily they were at home when the storm arrived'

Etiam tu!

'You too!'