Verb - IALA

 We will discuss about Verbs in autnhoritative grammar.

Infinitives

Gerundial Nouns

Gerundial nouns or nominal infinitives are infinitives that function as nouns that signify activities. This is equivalent of English gerundial noun in functions.6

Example:

le venir del estate

'the coming of summer'

Pensar es existir

'Thinking is existing'

le susurrar del motor

'the droning of the motor'

Iste viagiar de un pais al altere es fatigante

'This traveling from one country to another is fatiguing'

le ir e venir del clientes...

'the coming and going of customers'

Le faceres del formicas es interessante a observar

'The doings of ants are interesting to watch'

Prepositional + gerundial noun form like in English such as by, without, for, of, before + sewing is also done with nominal infinitive:

Illes le condemnava sin audir su defensa

'They condemned him without listening to his defense'

Per rumper le osso on potera forsan rectificar su gamba

'By breaking the bone one may perhaps be able to straighten his leg'

Post haber passate le suburbios on pote avantiar plus rapidemente

'After having passed the suburbs one can get ahead faster'

Io vole ben humiliar me ante ille usque corriger su grammatica sed non usque pagar su debitas

'I am willing to humiliate myself before him to (the point of) correcting his grammar but not to (the point of) paying his debts'

Le sala a attender deberea esser equipate de un machina a scriber

'The waiting room ought to be equipped with a typewriter'

Comencia tu studios per arder omne libros

'Begin your studies by burning all books'

Illa es capace de perder le traino

'She is capable of missing the train'

Nos pensa ir al theatro

'We are thinking of going to the theater'

Note:

1) There are times when English 'of + gerundive noun' is done without using De. So exceptions do exist.

A + Infinitive Form

The preposition a is used when the infinitive seems to represent a goal either after an adjective or a verbal construction.

Nos aspira a realisar nostre ideales

'We strive to realize our ideals'

Iste porta non es facile a aperir

'This door is not easy to open'

Pro + Infinitive Form

Pro + infinitive form is used for showing the purpose or the merit of something (in order to). The nuance is necessity or need for the first verb so that the second verb can happen or be caused to happen.

Example:

llle venira pro reparar le fenestra

'He came (in order) to repair the window'

Io mangia pro viver, sed quando nos ha globos de patata io vive pro mangiar 

'I eat (in order) to live but when we have potato dumplings I live to eat'

Bare Infinitive Form

When you have an adjective + an action you need to use bare infinitive (gerundial noun) for the action. In English we often use 'to + infinitive' but sometimes we also use gerundial noun.

Example:

Il es difficile vader in le arena

'it is difficult to walk/walking in the sand'

Or the reversed:

Vader in le arena es difficile

'To walk/walking in the sand is difficult'

When we use transitive verb + to infinitive/action, we use this form as well:

io plana vader al campani

'I plan to go to the countryside'

or

'I plan a trip (the action) to the countryside'

After to be clause:

Il es facile rider con le ridentes e difficile plorar con le plorantes

'It is easy to laugh with the laughing and hard to weep with the weeping'

Il es un grande privilegio esser inter vos iste vespere

'It is a great privilege to be with you tonight'

Notes:

Some verbs like intender (to intend), sperar (to hope to), timer (to be afraid of) have already had this implicit 'to' that only needs bare infinitive like the examples above. So, you can also remember them when you learn vocabulary.

After auxiliary verbs like voler (have the will to), poter (be able to), deber (have to), and soler (used to):

Io volerea dormir sed illa debe dansar

'I would (want to) sleep but she must dance'

Illa crede que illa pote cantar

'She thinks that she can sing'

After lassar (to let to) and facer (to make someone to):

Illes faceva le can venir 

or Illes faceva venir le can

'They made (had) the dog come'

Illa me faceva vender le can

'She made me sell the dog'

Illa faceva vender le can

'She made (had) the dog sold'

After sensative verbs like vider (to see), audir (to hear), etc.:

Io senti le nausea montar

'I feel the nausea rise'

Io audi le venir 

or Io le audi venir

'I hear him come (coming)'

Io videva le infantes capturar le ave

'I saw the children catch the bird'

Io les videva capturar lo

'I saw them catch it'

or

Io videva capturar lo (without les)

'I saw it being caught'

De + Infinitive form

After a simple adjective:

Io es felice de revider vos

'I am happy to see you again'

After a noun:

Le necessitate de ganiar plus es clar

'The need to earn more is clear'

After a certain verb especially se-verbs:

Ille se effortia de mitter le motor in motion

'He tries hard to start the motor'

Note:

The verbs that need de like 'se effortia' can be learned through vocabulary (memorization).

Accusative Que Form

When in English you use Accusative + to Verb form, you will use Que + Nominative + Verb in Interlingua.

Example:

io vole que ille veni

'I want him to come'

or 'I want that he comes'

Imperative and Prohibition

Imperative with Subject uses Verb + Subject + Phrase form:

Aperi tu / vos le porta!

'Open you / you all the door!'

Mangia nos nunc!

'Let's eat now!'

Imperative without Subject uses Bare infinitive + Phrase form:

Reguarda hic!

'Look here!'

Scribe lo!

'write it!'

Prohibition uses Non + Bare infinitive (gerund) + Phrase:

Non fumar! 'Don't smoke!, No smoking!'

Non sputar super le solo! 'Don't spit on the floor!'

Question words + Bare Infinitive

This form is used in a statement sentence (non-interrogative) after a question word like que (what), ubi (where), qual (what/which one), etc.

Io non sape que facer

'I do not know what to do'

Il es difficile decider se ubi vader

'It is difficult to decide where to go'

Que mangiar nunc?

'What are we to eat now?'

Nos non sapeva qual pisce prender primo

'We did not know what fish to catch first'

Subjunctival Construction

For the verbs, we use Que as the contraction of (I wish THAT...) to imply this meaning. Because every subject use the same form of verb in Present tense (unlike on English), the use of Que is significant.

For example:

Que ille veni! 

(Interlingua uses normal Present tense verb)

'May he come!' 

or 'Let him come!'

(English uses subjunctive verb)

Que nos parti!

'May we go!'

Or 'Let's go!'

(this form imply desire or wish more than simply "Parti nos!")

For To Be, we use the only real subjunctive form Sia. So, we do not use Que form here:

Io ama lilios del valles, sia in le campo, sia in un vaso

'I love lilies of the valley, be it in the open, be it in a vase'

Le juvene maritos sia felice!

'(May) The young couple be happy!'

Sia gentil e face me ille favor

'Be nice and do me that favor'

Table of Conjugation for Tenses

This is the table conjugation of general tenses. For To Be, it will only mention the infinitive and will be explained later.

Infinitive: crear, vider, audir

Present participle: creante, vidente, audiente

Past Participle: create, videte, audite

Imperative: crea, vide, audi

Infinitive Passive: esser + create, videte, audite

Present tense: crea, vide, audi

Past tense: creava, videva, audiva

Future tense: creara, videra, audira

Present perfect: ha/habe + create, videte, audite

Past pefect: habeva + create, videte, audite

Future perfect: habera + create, videte, audite

Conditional 1: crearea, viderea, audirea

(would)

Conditional 2: haberea + create, videte, audite

(would have)

Note:

1) Verbs are not conjugated by Subjects. So all Subjects use the same verb (io crea, tu crea, ille crea, etc.). And the Subjects can not be omited for this reason.

2) Esser (to be) is an -er class verb like vider. So, all you need is conjugate esser to fit in all tenses (essite, esseva, essera, etc). The only irregular form of esser is for the present tense form (es generally, and plural son rarely).

3) Progressive tenses do not exist (like in French). So Present Progressive, Past Progressive, etc. are the same with their non Progressive forms. 'Tu mangia' means 'you eat' and 'you are eating'. You can add adverbs to emphasize the progressive meaning if needed.

Present Participle

Present Participle in Interlingua is generally an adjective. The forms are: -ante:-ente:-iente. 

Un can morte non pote esser vivente

'A dead dog cannot be living'

Minnehaha significa "aqua ridente"

'Minnehaha means "laughing water" '

Transversante le oceano, io habeva un placente aventura

'Crossing the ocean I had a pleasant (pleasing) adventure'

After certain verbs that are usually followed by adjective like go, etc.:

Le climate de Alaska va deveniente plus benigne

'The climate of Alaska goes (goes on, keeps, is) getting milder'

When the verb acts as a clause:

Essente surveliate per le policia, ille non osava mover se

'Being watched by the police, he did not dare to move'

Note:

The following present participles have -iente as the preferred form although the corresponding infinitives end in -er: capiente  and all compounds of -cipiente (incipiente, etc.), faciente and all compounds in -ficiente  (deficiente, etc.), all compounds of -jiciente  (injiciente, etc.), sapiente, and all compounds of -spiciente (inspiciente, etc.).

Past participle

Past participle in Interlingua is generally an adjective. The forms are -ate:-ite:-ite.

Io es fatigate

'I am tired (fatigued)'

When you cut out Que from the explanation clause:

Le pluvia impellite per le vento entra trans le fenestra rumpite

'The rain driven by the wind comes in through the broken window'

When you use it as a verbal clause:

Impellite per le vento, le pluvia entra in le fenestra

'Driven by the wind, the rain comes through the window'

After a verb that is usually followed by an adjective like sentir (to feel), etc.:

In le campania on non se senti subjicite al haste del vita moderne 

or In le campania on non se senti subjecte al haste del vita moderne

'In the country one does not feel subjected to the hurry of modern life'

Note:

There are considerable numbers of verbal adjectives of the type: fisse 'split,' docte 'learned,' benedicte 'blessed,' etc. belonging to the verbs finder, docer, benedicer, etc that are the relic of Latin grammars and are called learned adjectives. Their meaning is identical with that of the normal past participles: findite, docite, benedicite, etc. in adjectival use. Verbal adjectives of this type may be made to serve as past participles in all functions inclusive of that of forming past compound tenses as well.

Present Tense

Present Tense in Interlingua can be used for any tenses in present frame in English. Some nuances like progressivity and future plan can only be iterated by context and adverb. The form is -ar:-er:-ir (with -r).

Io non sape lo que es le nomine de iste animal

'I don't know what the name of this animal is'

(general statement: simple present in English)

Iste vespere io recipe mi canetto

'Tonight I am going to get my puppy'

(context: adverb 'tonight')

Past Tense

The Past Tense in Interlingua can be used for any past tense forms in English. The nuances like progressivity or future plan are only iterated by context and adverb. The form is -ava:-eva:-iva (with -va).

Example:

Heri nos voleva vider le Mercator de Venetia sed nos non poteva obtener billetes e tunc nos videva le Princessa del Czardas. Si vos cognosceva iste operetta vos comprenderea que io prefere Kalman a Shakespeare.

'Yesterday we wanted to see the Merchant of Venice but we couldn't get tickets and so we saw the Czardas Princess. If you knew this operetta you would understand that I prefer Kalman to Shakespeare.'

Future Tense

Future tense in Interlingua can be use for any future tense forms in Interlingua. It can also be used for Future Conditional. The nuances like progressivity are iterated by context and adverb. The form is cre-ara:vid-era:aud-ira.

Example:

Si ille attende assatis longe, ille habera un barba

'If he waits long enough, he will have a beard

Present Perfect Tense

Present Perfect tense in Interlingua can be used for any Present Perfect tense forms in English. The nuances like progressivity are iterated by context and adverb. The form is: ha/habe + cre-ate, vid-ete, aud-ite.

Ille ha perdite su moneta

'He has lost his money'

Past Perfect Tense

Past Perfect tense in Interlingua can be used for any Past Perfect tense forms in English. The nuances like progressivity are iterated by context and adverb. The form is: habeva + cre-ate, vid-ete, aud-ite.

Illa habeva videte le casa.

'She had seen the house'

Future Perfect Tense

Future Perfect tense in Interlingua can be used for any Future Perfect tense forms in English. The nuances like progressivity are iterated by context and adverb. The form is: habera + cre-ate, vid-ete, aud-ite.

Illes habera essite hic in hiberne

'They will have been here in winter'

Conditional 1 (Would)

Conditional 1 tense in Interlingua can be used for any Conditional 1 tense forms in English. The nuances like progressivity are iterated by context and adverb. The form is: cre-area, vid-erea, aud-irea.

Si illa habeva quatro rotas, illa esserea un omnibus

'If she had four wheels, she would be an omnibus'

Si io esseva un avetto, io volarea a te

'If I were a little bird, I would fly to you'

Conditional 2 (Would have)

Conditional 2 tense in Interlingua can be used for any Conditional 2 tense forms in English. The nuances like progressivity are iterated by context and adverb. The form is: haberea + cre-ate, vid-ete, aud-ite.

Si le condition non habeva essite troppo mal, nos haberea potite venir

'If the condition had not been so bad, we would have been able to come'

Passive Voice

Passive Voice is the passive version of each tenses. It follows the general rule of each tenses. We only need to change To be (esser) into each tenses. The basic form is: esser + cre-ate, vid-ete, aud-ite.

Illa es vocate per su director

'She is called by her director'

Ille no esseva vocate por isto scriber

'He was not called to write this'

Passive voice can be rephrased using On pronoun in Active Voice to means the same thing:

Nos non es amate hic

'We are not liked here'

or

On non nos ama hic 

'One does not like us here'

Question Form

The simplest Question form is to reverse the Verb and Subject placement. The form is Verb + Subject + the rest.

Desira vos salsicias con o sin allio?

'Do you want sausages with or without garlic?'

Transversava le rege svede le Mar Baltic o non?

'Did the Swedish king cross the Baltic or didn't he?'

When you use Question Words, you do not need to reverse the Verb and Subject in a sentence:

Qui es ille homine con le barba rubie?

'Who is that man with the red beard?'

Que batte a mi fenestra?

'What knocks at my window?'

Que ha tu facite con tu moneta?

'What have you done with your money?'

Quando arriva le traino?

'When does the train come in?'

Ubi es tu melior medietate?

'Where is your better half?'

In Spoken or casual form, you can use the usual Statement sentence with addeed question mark (?) or higher pitch at the end:

Le precio de ille cosalia esseva tres dollares?

'(Did you say that) the price of that stuff was three dollars?'

Vos vole dicer me que vos non lo faceva?

'(Do) you mean to tell me that you did not do it?'

We can use particle An/Esque before a normal statement form to turn it into a question form:

An vos e vostre amica es reconciliate?

'So you and your friend have made up?'

Sequential Tenses (Reported Speech)

We have to use the same tenses in the same sentence. Be it in the non-past (sequential) or past (reported speech) just like in English.

Ille diceva que ille esseva fatigate 

'He said that he was tired'

(Reported speech with Que)

Io non crede que un decimetro de lana pesa tanto como un decimetro de ferro.

- Nemo diceva que tu debeva creder tal nonsenso

'I do not believe that a decimeter of wool weighs as much as a decimeter of iron.'

(Sequential present with Que)

- Nobody said that you need to (had to) believe such nonsense.'

(Reported speech with Que)

Note:

1) The verbs haber 'to have', esser 'to be', and vader 'to go' have a simplified present-tense form which consists of the fist syllable of the infinitive: ha, es, va. But, they will use their full forms in other tenses.

2) To be (esser) in the present tense has the alternative plural form 'son'. But, it is rarely used. It also has 'era' as the alternative of past tense 'esseva'. These are just minor style.

3) Vader or Velle can be used like English auxiliary verb Will to iterate future tenses (instead of -ara, -area). This is just minor style.

4) Sometimes, you can use Present Perfect tense as English simple Past (like in French or Italian). But, this usage is rare.

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